BAENA Escudero Rafael, GUERRERO Amador Inmaculada, JANSKÝ Bohumír:
Comparative analyses of the floods in Prague (Czechia) and in Sevilla (Spain): Seen from the geographical viewpoint. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 326–340 (2006). – The urbanization pressure upon the areas originally endangered by floods has increased, creating a new imbalance between the city and the river. The relationship to the various strategies that are being used to prevent the predictable flood risk in Prague and Sevilla, constitute the main topics of the following article. Authors analyze two very different drainage systems – the Vltava river in Czechia with temprate snow-rain climate versus Guadalquivir river in the south of Spain with subtropical rain climate. Te general hydrological properties will be compared as well as the highly different morphohydrology of the specific flood areas close to the cities of Sevilla and Prague.
KEY WORDS: flood risk – hydrology – Vltava river – Guadalquivir river – comparative analysis – historical floods – flood protection strategies
BIČÍK Ivan, KUPKOVÁ Lucie:
Changes of land use in Prague urban region. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 92–114 (2006). – Land use changes in Prague urban regional (the capital – Prague, the Prague-East and the Prague-West districts) are evaluated in the article in the time period of 1845-2000 and that is done on the data basis of the land use structure in the years 1845, 1948, 1990 and 2000. The evaluated time horizons are historical milestones in social development of Czechia, the stress is put on the last ten-year land use development. The intensity of occured changes is analysed through the index of change, the typology of main landscape processes in individual partial phases of the evaluated period is analyzed further. The cadastral territory of Čestlice was selected as a case study, in which the comparison of land use structure in the years 1845 (reconstruction from cadastral maps) and 2003 (filed mapping itself) was carried out in details.
KEY WORDS: land use – landscape processes – interaction nature and society – Prague urban region – Czechia.
DOBROVOLNÝ Petr, KEPRTOVÁ Kateřina:
Spatial analysis of damage caused by strong winds and gales in the Czech lands since ad 1500. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 51–69 (2006). – The aim of this article is an analysis of the spatial distribution of places with damage done by gales and windstorms in Czechia in the course of the last 500 years. Descriptive documentary data derived from historical climatology are used for this analysis and the specific features contained within these data are mentioned. Using ArcGIS tools, thematic maps of the locations damaged by gales for each century are presented and the spatial distribution of the places is characterized. This spatial distribution is connected to a large degree with the quantity and quality of available historical sources. However, spatial analysis enables the characterization of the most affected localities and also the most significant cases, “the windstorms of the century”.
Key words: spatial analysis – documentary evidence – windstorm – damage – Czechia.
HAMPL Martin:
Human geography: changes in thematic orientation and remaining initial problems of study. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 382–400 (2006). – The contribution is dealing with two interrelated groups of problems. The first one is evaluation of changes in thematic orientation of Czech human geography, mainly after 1989. It is characterized by an increased interest in social problems, especially in connection with geographical analysis of post-totalitarian transformation. This observation is introduced by a short survey of changes of human geography paradigms worldwide after World War II. The second one includes key theoretical questions of the discipline which have not been solved yet. Possibilities of their explanation are discussed on the example of three problems: subject specification of human geography, existence and character of human geographic regularities and possibilities and limits of their explanation.
KEY WORDS: human geography – thematic orientation of research –subject, regularities and explanation in human geography.
HORÁK Jiří:
Transport accessibility evaluation. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 115–132 (2006). – Theoretical means of accessibility measures are applied mainly for transport accessibility evaluation. Analyses of transport accessibility are usually based on data collected during census. Nevertheless its results for commuting are published with remarkable delays. Monitoring campaigns organised by specialised companies represents another possibility, but the cost of such a statistical campaign is relatively high. The other possibility is the application of network analysis in the environment of geographic information systems for the evaluation of non-public individual transport. For evaluation of transport accessibility using public transport means, the analysis of time schedules can be applied. It is possible to evaluate existing public transport connections, analyse selected conditions, evaluate real costs of commuting, conditions of commuting like number and waiting time for changing and apply a Monte Carlo simulation approach to evaluate not only average conditions but also the range of commuting conditions (which can be next utilized with a probabilistic approach). The selected presented methods were applied and tested for Bruntál district in Czechia. The transport accessibility was studied from the point of view of commuting to work and a comparison with the situation in the labour market was undertaken.
KEY WORDS: transport accessibility – GIS – network analyses – public transport – commuting.
CHALUŠOVÁ Jana, HLADNÝ Josef, ĆEKAL Radek:
Regional delimitation of the elbe river basin based on flood seasonality analysis. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 247–259 (2006). – The study presents approaches that can be used for assessing flood seasonality in the Czech part of the Elbe River basin. For each of the selected gauging stations, a graphic-numerical method based on flood cumulative frequency curves was applied for identification of intervals, during which the probability of seasonal flood occurrence was high. The results were used for classification of the individual catchments into seven regions specific in terms of the flood seasonality.
Key words: floods – seasonality – region delimitation.
CHUMAN Tomáš, LIPSKÝ Zdeněk, MATĚJČEK Tomáš:
Succession of vegetation in alluvial floodplains after extreme floods. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 314–325 (2006). – The paper deals with the topic of vegetation changes and successional developments as well as spread of invasive species in alluvial plains after extreme floods. The issue has become topical in Czechia after several extreme floods concentrated in the last 10 years. The paper is based on the search of the Czech and foreign literature as well as authors own experience and research after catastrophic summer floods in 1997 and 2002 in Czechia. The attention is paid to processes and mechanisms of vegetation succession and regeneration after floods. Floods are functioning as important natural disturbances increasing both geodiversity and biodiversity in the riverine landscapes. Different successional stages as well as variable habitats create a varied mosaic of vegetation and cause high species and ecosystem biodiversity in floodplains. On the other hand the disturbance regime of floods is particularly favorable also for invasive species that spread rapidly through floodplain. While future spatial distribution and spread of invasive species is difficult to forecast, the processes of succession and regeneration of vegetation after floods as well as changes in species composition of communities are predictable and confirm basic ecological principles.
Key words: floods – floodplains – vegetation – succession – invasive species.
JANSKÁ Eva:
Immigrant second generation in Prague: the case of preschool children. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 2, pp. 198–214 (2006). – This contribution deals with the new phenomenom of preschool immigrant children in Czechia after 1990. It focuses on social, economic, cultural and ethnic characteristics of children´s parents and on childern´s language knowledge and adaptation in the kindergarten. There are also discussed factors influencing integration of immigrant families into the majority society as well as their willingness to stay in Czechia permanently. Our results bring about new insights into immigrants´ lives and their co-existence with the majority society.
Key words: immigration – integration – assimilation – second generation.
JENÍČEK Michal:
Rainfall-runoff modelling in small and middle-large catchments – an overview. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 305–313 (2006). – A rainfall-runoff modelling is nowadays a dynamically developing department of hydrology and water management. This development is caused by a rapid progress of computers and information technologies. This evolution provides the mankind with new possibilities to use water as its basic need and at the same time to evolve an effective protection against it. The aim of this article is to give some basic information about rainfall-runoff modelling, various approaches to it, methods and possibilities of application. This kind of information may help the user with the choice of the suitable rainfall-runoff model. Rainfall-runoff or hydraulic models have many different applications, e.g. in operational hydrology, water resource management or in research. Typical structure of any rainfall-runoff model, come out from a simplified catchment structure as a system of vertical ordered reservoirs, which form a linear cascade model. The main reservoirs are precipitation, evapotranspiration (together with interception), direct runoff, runoff in unsaturated zone (interflow), base flow and channel flow. For computation of processes running in each of these reservoirs (filling or drainage), many equations (model techniques) are applied. This structure and presented modelling techniques are used in the most common models like HEC-HMS, MIKE-SHE, Sacramento (SAC-SMA), NASIM, HBV and many others.
Key words: modelling of hydrological processes – mathematical modelling – rainfall-runoff models – hydraulic models – floods.
JELEČEK Leoš, CHROMÝ Pavel, MARTÍNEK Jiří:
Development of geography at Charles University in the context of Czech geography since the middle of the 19th century. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 343–367 (2006). – The article informs readers of the monothematic issue of Geografie journal devoted to the 150th anniversary of geography at Charles University in Prague about historical roots of geography at Prague University in the context of its development in Czechia during the last 150 years. The aim of the contribution is not to assess either the history of geographical thinking or the latest history of geography, but to present above all the development of personal and institutional backing of scientific and pedagogical activities in Czech geography. When assessing this development, the authors take account of the fact that Czech geography, as a discipline of science at Charles University, was developing in relatively frequently changing and sensibly different constitutional and political systems, socio-economical and socio-cultural conditions and also in different geopolitical situations and links of the Czech state. Besides external conditions that have been determining the changes of geography, the authors stress also the role of internal (subjective) factors – existence of key personalities of the discipline (fathers founders), their capacity to get recognition in the international context and to form their continuators.
KEY WORDS: history of Czech geography – Charles University – Czechia
KOLEJKA Jaromír, ŹALOUDÍK Jiří:
Monitoring of Czech Landscape Development Using GIS and Remote Sensing. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 70–91 (2006). – Historical studies of landscape represent a part of traditional research in Czech geography. Modern technologies allow carrying out more accurate, more detail and more extended research actions. Methodically the historical landscape studies are supported with rich territorial databases of maps and aerial/satellite imagery. Examples presented in the paper document typical ways of GIS and RS applications starting with digital multitemporal imagery analysis to the utilizing of digital landscape model as fully integrated and sophisticated database supporting landscape analysis with respect to both natural and social area features.
Key words: landscape history – digital monitoring techniques – GIS and remote sensing – digital landscape model.
KŘÍŽEK Marek, HARTVICH Filip, CHUMAN Tomáš, ŚEFRNA Luděk, ŠOBR Miroslav, ZÁDOROVÁ Tereza:
Floodplain and its delimitation. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 260–273 (2006). – The article is conceived as an introduction to the study of the floodplain. It deals with the delimitation of the floodplain from geomorphologic, pedologic, hydrologic and geoecologic point of view. It also describes the basic geomorphological forms and natural processes, constituting the floodplain system and participating in its formation.
Key words: floodplain – geomorphology – fluvial processes – fluvial sediments – fluvisoils, floods – invasive species.
KUPČÍK Ivan:
Czech countries in maps of Central Europe up to the middle of the 17th century and their typological classification. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 436–453 (2006). – The article presents a representative selection of a nearly hundred of the oldest maps of Central Europe which were influencing the development of map representation of Czech countries and mostly have not yet been published in Czech literature. Geographical content of map representation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia in maps of the Central European area is as informative as in separate maps of these territories. Cartographical information does not end on the other side of our border, but it links to representation of neighbouring countries and stresses political, religious, communication, linguistic and other connections and particularities as well. The selection is based on typographical classification (into ten groups) of printed maps of the Central European area of German, Italian, Dutch and French origin dating from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century. Its knowledge is necessary to determine genealogy of Central European and regional maps from the period approximately till 1650.
KEY WORDS: Central Europe – cartographic representation till 1650 – map types – map genealogy.
LANGHAMMER Jakub:
Geoinformatic assessment of extreme flood consequences – case study: flood in August 2002 in Central Europe. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 33–51 (2006). – The extreme flood events in the last decade in Central Europe served as a unique opportunity to study the impact of environmental changes on runoff process, to test the methods of their efficient assessment and to determine the applicability of the findings in effective flood protection measures. The paper presents the assessment of impact of environmental changes in landscape on the course and consequences of extreme floods. Assessment draws on selected indicators of environmental transformation related to rainfall-runoff processes, flood wave formation and transformation, and local retention capacity. The solution is based on geostatistical approach and applies to the Otava river basin located in the core zone of the extreme floods in August 2002 in Central Europe and representing area with high level of heterogeneity in terms of physicogeographic and social and economic aspects. The results of the presented research indicated evident links between physicogeographic characteristics of river basins, their anthropogenic transformation, and responses to extreme runoff situations. However the results hasn’t proved the current intensity of river network shortening, riverbed transformation or floodplain and landscape modifications to be the main driving force of extremity of the flooding that occurred in August 2002 in Central Europe.
KEY WORDS: Floods – Riverbed modifications – Stream shortening – Floodplain – GIS – Rule-based classification.
LANGHAMMER Jakub, KLIMENT Zdeněk:
Water quality changes in rural regions in Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 2, pp. 168–185 (2006). – The article presents the analysis of water quality state and changes in three catchments in agricultural landscape (Blšanka, Loučka and Olšava) facing long-term problems with surface water quality and at the same time lacking sufficient information on water quality changes. These catchments are situated in different geographical areas and manifest different physical-geographical characteristics and intensity and character of anthropogenous use. In model catchments, conditions of substance removal, including spatial distribution of erosional risk, were analysed, transport of floated material observed and surface water quality analysed from the long-term perspective and from the viewpoint of spatial distribution of specific substance removal.
Key words: water duality – pollution – GIS – erosion – agriculture – emissions.
LANGHAMMER Jakub, MATOUŠKOVÁ Milada:
Mapping and analysis of river network modification as a factor of flood risk in the Blanice river basin. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 274–291 (2006). – Anthropogenic modifications of river network represent a significant phenomenon that influences runoff conditions in river basins, both under normal water level conditions as well as in the period of hydrological extremes. Modifications of watercourses on various levels influence the speed and timing of floodwave progress as well as the potential to efficiently transform the floodwave in the floodplain and to lessen the extremity of the flood event. The paper presents the methodological framework for analysis of historical and current intensity and nature of man-made modifications of river network. There are presented two essential approaches: First represents the analysis of distance data, e.g. the water management maps, historical maps or aerial imagery. The second approach is based on field mapping of various parameters of river network and floodplain modifications. The presented methodologies are applied on the Blanice river basin that represents the core zone of extreme flood in August 2002 that heavily affected the Central Europe. The GIS analysis of results revealed the spatial differentiation of anthropogenic changes in river basin and their potential importance in the context of the flood risk. The results and the applied methodologies are discussed from the viewpoint of their practical applicability and of limitations in terms of data accuracy, availability and reliability.
Key Words: river network transformation – floods – mapping – land-use changes – GIS.
LANGHAMMER Jakub, VILÍMEK Vít:
Present approaches to evaluation of anthropogenous changes in landscape as a factor of flood risk. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 233–246 (2006). – Flood risks can be evaluated from two points of view, the economic and the process one. The economic approach parts from consequences of the causal event when the risk is defined as the function of probability of occurrence of a certain phenomenon and of potential damage. The process approach evaluates the risk via main processes and factors involved in the risk development. The risk is then defined on the basis of three factors – hazard, exposure, vulnerability (Barredo et al. 2005, Crichton 1999, Kron 2003). Anthropogenous changes in the landscape represent, according to the process approach to risks, one of the vulnerability factors. Vulnerability of environment in relation to values exposed to the hazard represents their susceptibility to damage occurrence and is decisive for the extent of damage. Large changes in intensity, character and structure of land-use occurring in the cultural landscape during these last centuries, affect changes in of outflow conditions of the catchment and can thus influence the course of floods. Vulnerability is a risk element which can be, differently from the other risk components, at least partly influenced and controlled. While natural processes representing a source of hazard cannot be influenced and accumulation of property in flood areas can be only hardly reduced, it is possible to purposefully reduce vulnerability both of natural environment and of social links in a way to minimize consequences of natural elements activities, to increase the efficiency of flood control measures and to limit damages to a strict minimum corresponding to the extremity of the phenomenon.
KEY WORDS: natural hazards – floods – risk – land-use – anthropogenic changes.
KLIMENT Zdeněk, MATOUŠKOVÁ Milada:
Changes of runoff regime according to human impact on the landscape. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 3, pp. 292–304 (2006). – The main aim of our research project was to determine the extent to which the outflow can be influenced by the human interventions in three-selected water basins in Bohemian Forest (Šumava Mountains) and foothills. The rainfall-runoff analyses using both the single and double mass curves over the period of the hydrologic observations were taken as a basic methodology. Beside mean discharge, precipitation, snow and air temperature trends, analysis of land cover change and human impact on the river network and drainage areas development were applied too. The greatest deviations were widely observed in the period between the 2nd half of the seventies and in the 1st half of the eighties. The whole system came slowly back to its initial condition in the early nineties. The runoff trend deviation has been related to the nature and human factors, mainly to current climatic changes and changes of landscape retention potential.
Key words: trend analysis – runoff – climate change – human impact – Otava River – Czechia.
MENTLÍK Pavel, JEDLIČKA Karel, MINÁR Jozef, BARKA Ivan:
Geomorphological information systém: physical model and options of geomorphological analysis. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 15–32 (2006). – The paper has two main aims. Firstly, to postulate a physical geodatabase model of a geomorphological information system based on the already existing logical geodatabase model. Secondly, to define processes of geomorphological analysis based on the physical geodatabase model. The structure of the physical model follows the logical model and is divided into three parts: adopted layers (hydrology, geology, topography and others), basic layers (elementary forms, digital elevation model and derivatives, documentation materials, genetic groups of landforms, morphodynamic phenomena, basin based features and geomorphic network) and special layers (morphostructural analysis, comprehensive geomorphological analysis and so on). The geodatabase modelling methodology was used for developing the physical geodatabase model. The geomorphological analysis is based mainly on the layer of elementary forms (defined according to their morphology and morphometry) and the derived layer of morphogenetical forms (determined by genesis of landforms). The traditional methods of geomorphological mapping and also more recent concepts of geomorphological analysis were used. The concept is presented in the context of research in the surroundings of Prášilské jezero (lake) in the Šumava (Mts.). ESRI products were used to carry out the project.
KEY WORDS: geomorphological information system (GmIS) – geomorphological analysis – geomorphological mapping – glacial forms.
MUCHA Ludvík:
Cartography at Charles University in Prague. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 426–435 (2006). – The article deals with the development of cartography at Charles University in Prague. Its development is monitored from the time of our oldest known map by Vavřinec of Březová, master and professor of Prague University, dating from the beginning of the 15th century. A special attention is paid to the development after 1920, when Faculty of Science was established at Charles University – since that time, both geography and cartography have been taught here instead of the Faculty of Philosophy. Cartography, science on map generating, has been always a part of geography and only recently it has become an independent discipline.
KEY WORDS: cartography – development – Czechia – Charles University in Prague.
PAVLÍK Zdeněk:
Development of demography in the process of cognition of objective reality. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 401–425 (2006). – The article deals with development of demography in the process of cognition of objective reality. Demography is an empirical discipline having for object human populations (people) and for subject their reproduction (renewals going on especially within these populations). The object of study of demography is common for several other disciplines dealing with people, but study of reproduction of human populations is specific pro demography. Attention is paid to the process of cognition of objective reality and emergence of critical thinking, to the position of demography in the process of cognition of objective reality. A special attention is paid to the development of demography in the territory of Czechia, mainly at the Charles University in Prague.
KEY WORDS: demography – development – objective reality – Czechia – Charles University in Prague.
PŘIBYL Václav:
Physical geography at Charles University in Prague. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 4, pp. 368–381 (2006). – The article presents the chronological development of the discipline of science physical geography at Prague University from its modest beginnings at the end of the 14th century to present days. It follows the beginnings of physical geography as auxiliary discipline within the Faculty of Philosophy (Arts), the beginnings of the Institute of Geography, later constitution and building of the unified Institute of Geography in Prague – Albertov within the newly constituted Faculty of Science of Charles University and its further development after abolition of this institute and foundation of the Department of Geography at first, then of the Department of Cartography and Physical Geography and finally of the Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology of the Faculty of Science, Charles University.
KEY WORDS: physical geography – Charles University in Prague.
TRACZYK Andrzej, ENGEL Zbyněk:
The maximum extent of continental ice sheets at the foot of Ořešník and Poledník in the northern slope of the Jizerské hory Mountains. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 2, pp. 141–151 (2006). – Geomorphological observations of the continental ice sheets trim line in the northern part of the Jizerské hory Mountains have been done. The research aims to investigate possibilities of selected techniques in determination of glacial landscape. Continental ice sheets trim line could be reconstructed using comparative analysis of rock weathering variables on the surface of rock landforms. In the Sudetes these methods were applied only in the Pogórze Kaczawskie (Migoń et al. 2002). Results of similar research, which was done at the northern foot of the Ořešník and Poledník Mountains, are presented in this paper.
VOLAUFOVÁ Lenka, LANGHAMMER Jakub:
Specific pollution of surface water and sediments in the Klabava River catchment. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 2, pp. 152–167 (2006). – The article presents results of a research into surface water and sediments specific pollution in the Klabava River catchment. Our analysis is based on available data on water and floated material chemism gathered by Povodí Vltavy (Vltava Catchment Administration) and on own data obtained from analyses of samples collected in the network of purpose-established profiles. Standard methods, i.e. comparison to background levels of geogenous environment according to Turekian and Wedepohl and classification into quality classes according to Igeo, were used.
Key words: water duality – specific pollution – sediment – kadmium – floods.
VOŽENÍLEK Vít:
Conceptual remarks for tectonic geomorphology by terrain modelling within GIS. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 1, pp. 3–14 (2006). – The paper deals with term of digital tectonic geomorphology as an integration of structural geology, geomorphology and digital terrain analysis. The author extends traditional set of methods for tectonic geomorphological research and gives general conceptual remarks for methods of tectonic geomorphology developed for the integration of tectonic geomorphology into GIS based on digital terrain modelling. The emphasis is given on selected problems: morphological features associated with fractures, feature recognition and parameter extraction, digital geomorphometry analysis, digital image processing of terrain data and spatial analysis of lineaments. The paper gives fundamental topics for understanding instead of particular algorithms and procedures.
Key words: tectonic geomorphology – terrain modelling – GIS – landforms.
ŽÍŽALOVÁ Petra:
Foreign Direct Investments in Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 111, 2, pp. 186–197 (2006). – Foreign direct investments (FDI) are an often discussed phenomenon which is considered to play a key role in the process of transformation and restructuralization in the post-communist countries. This paper examines its regional distribution and challenges rather uncritical views on this phenomenon. FDI are distributed geographically very unevenly as almost three fifths of total FDI inflows into the Czech Republic have been located in Prague and almost four fifths in the metropolitan areas. Thus, FDI are one of the factors, which intensify uneven development and contribute to regional disparities.
Key words: FDI – foreign companies – Czechia – regional disparities.