Balatka Břetislav, Kalvoda Jan:
Evolution of Quaternary river terraces related to the uplift of the central part of the Bohemian Massif. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 205–222 (2008). – Fluvial sediments in the Vltava, Berounka, Sázava and Labe valleys are preserved as extensive river terrace sequences. These accumulation terraces originated from an interaction of climate-morphogenetic and neotectonic processes in the late Cenozoic. The palaeogeographical history of the central part of the Bohemian Massif is described. Geomorphological analysis of late Cenozoic fluvial sediments preserved in the Bohemian Massif confirm that in total 7 main terrace accumulations with several secondary levels can be differentiated. A chronostratigraphical scheme of erosion and accumulation periods and their relations to variable uplift rates in the late Cenozoic is suggested. The relative height of the oldest fluvial terraces above the present-day bottoms of river valleys is more than 100 m which indicates the approximate depth of erosion in the Quaternary.
KEY WORDS: palaeogeographical history – Quaternary geomorphology – river terraces – Bohemian Massif.
Balej Martin, Anděl Jiří, Oršulák Tomáš, Raška Pavel:
Development of environmental stress in the northwestern part of Czechia: new approaches and methods. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 320–336 (2008). – This article deals with the theoretical background to environmental stress theory that includes a multivariables system of indicators and the application of such theory. The environmental stress lies at the intersection of the stressors in the subsystems of a landscape, that is: natural (e.g. relief topography, air, water, soil, and biota) and/or social (e.g. demographic and economic variables). The methodological concept used can be applied to other areas of study because of its broader spatial and functional applications. In comparison to other methodologies used to evaluate the anthropopressures on the landscape (those that monitor changes in land use), the environmental stress assessment is directed at locating ‘stressors’ beyond the study areas that can significantly impact on future studies.
KEY WORDS: environmental – stress – cultural landscape – northwestern Czechia.
Brázdil Rudolf, Zahradníček Pavel, Dobrovolný Petr, Kotyza Oldřich, Valášek Hubert:
Historical and recent viticulture as a source of climatological knowledge in the Czech Republic. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 4, pp. 351–371 (2008). – The cultivation of the vine (Vinis vinifera) that yields grapes for wine manufacture is strongly influenced by the weather. This relationship enables the use of historical viticultural data (e.g., the start date of the grape harvest, notes on wine quality and quantity) for the reconstruction of temperatures and weather extremes in past times. This paper summarises the basics of the relationship between viticulture and climate in the Czech Lands. We compile historical observations before AD 1500 and for the 16th–18th centuries from various types of documentary evidence. The starting dates of the grape harvest in Znojmo for 1800–1890 are used for the reconstruction of April–August temperatures in Brno. The quality of the wine from Bzenec (1800–1890), Znojmo (1802–1845) and Bohutice (1861–1912) is analysed with respect to temperatures corresponding to excellent, good, average and bad wine. Times of flowering and grape harvest are compared with temperatures at the Velké Pavlovice station for the period 1956–2007 and 1984–2007, for various grape varieties.
KEY WORDS: vine – viticulture – vintage – grape harvest – wine quality – wine quantity – temperature reconstruction – weather extremes
Havlíček Tomáš, Hupková Martina:
Religious landscape in Czechia: new structures and trends. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 302–319 (2008). – The intent of this paper is to analyse trends and processes in the religious landscape in Czechia during the transformation period. In Czechia, society has been secularized to an extent unprecedented in the rest of Europe. The paper also uses the term sacralization of landscape, which is primarily connected with the restoration of sacred places. It has often been used in this context after 1989, creating a certain contradiction to the general trend of secularisation in Czech society and to the diversification, near disintegration, of religious communities. This research attempts to monitor the main reasons for the transformation of sacral objects as well as to seek fundamental consequences of these changes with the examples of select locations.
KEY WORDS: geography of religion – Czechia – religious landscape – transformation.
Hendrych Tomáš, Hynek Alois:
The Acoustic Typology of Landscape. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 183–194 (2008). – Landscape acoustics is nothing new for zoologists – their research is well known. However, other landscape specialists, including geographers, prefer to visualize landscape both in material and spiritual concepts. At the same time, landscape is a source and a consumer of sound and environmentalists emphasize the role of noise in it from the point of environmental pollution. Landscape acoustics could be intended on diffraction, refraction, reflection, interference and absorption of sound in landscape produced by various agents, e.g. animals, humans, water, electricity etc. Landscape acts as modulator, music body in the style of hard/art/punk rock bands of geo/bio physical anthropogenous origin from a quiet landscape via natural beauty echo to silence in landscape. Maybe silence is the target of many urban residents searching it in rural landscape. The Czech debate on landscape character could include the issue of landscape acoustics. Cultural geographers are welcome.
KEY WORDS: landscape acoustics – landscape acoustical component – acoustical landscape appreciation – acoustical landscape types – antropophony – biophony – geophony – sound in the landscape.
Hudeček Tomáš:
Model of time accessibility by individual car transportation. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 140–153 (2008). – The article deals with accessibility of individual car transportation. It uses the GIS approach to focus on development of an accessibility model and on three main related issues: digital model of road network, factors influencing average speed and discussion on average speed. Two digital models were done for the territory of Czechia for the years of 1991 and 2001 censi, i.e. before and after the transformation. The aim is to find out what changes occurred during the transformation and to use them in other geographical analyses. Two maps with isochronic surfaces are enclosed to demonstrate the functionality of the models.
KEY WORDS: accessibility – GIS – network analysis – time-space transformation.
Janásková Barbora:
Impact of snow conditions on selected periglacial landforms in the eastern part of the Krkonoše Mountains. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 154–172 (2008). – The paper deals with the influence of snow conditions on periglacial landforms. The research was carried out on four study sites in the summit parts of the Krkonoše Mountains with occurrence of recently active periglacial landforms (solifluction lobes, ploughing blocks, peat hummocks and sorted circles). Depth and duration of snow cover were measured there two years. Regularities in snow distribution were evaluated and compared with the position of selected periglacial landforms. The results prove that there is a close relationship between the low snow cover and occurrence of sorted circles and that the distribution of peat hummocks has not any connection with snow cover. Relationships between solifluction lobes and ploughing blocks and snow were rather ambiguous.
KEY WORDS: snow cover – periglacial forms – Krkonoše – Czechia.
Jančák Vít, Havlíček Tomáš, Chromý Pavel, Marada Miroslav:
Regional Differentiation of Selected Conditions for the Development of Human and Social Capitol in Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 269–284 (2008). – This article addresses the analysis of theoretical and methodological concepts of the quality of human and social capital and their relation to the theory of spatial polarisation. Selected conditions for the development of human and social capital and their territorial differentiation in Czechia are evaluated. On the basis of an evaluation of component indicators of human capital (the ratio of university educated residents in the population over 15 years of age as well as an economic burden index) and social capital (voter participation in municipal elections and the number of candidates divided by the number of offices to be filled in the 2006 municipal elections) problematic areas are identified at a micro-regional level (the network of municipalities having a certified municipal authority).
KEY WORDS: human capital – social capital – potential development – rural areas – periphery – regional differentiation – Czechia.
Janský Bohumír, Kocum Jan:
Peat bogs influence on runoff process: case study of the Vydra and Křemelná River basins in the Bohemian Forest, southwestern Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 4, pp. 383–399 (2008). – Specific part of wide complex of preventive measures against floods and extreme droughts could be procedures realized in river headstream areas. In order to increase a water retention in headwaters the detailed analysis of peat bogs hydrological function needs to be carried out. Suitable conditions for the research realization at present is related to an existence of several automatic water level gauges and utilization of modern equipment and methods in experimental catchments of the Otava River headstream area (Bohemian Forest, southwestern Czechia), representing the core zone of a number of extreme floods in Central Europe. Thorough analyses of extreme runoff phases show more distinct discharge variability of streams draining peat land localities. For the retention potential assessment the detailed measurement of potential accumulation reservoirs, bathymetric mapping of bog pools and the detailed analysis of snow conditions as an important component of a rainfall-runoff process in headwaters is being pursued. The final part of the paper is consisted of suggestions of several unforceable measures implementation that could contribute to reduction of peak flows and to increase of water resources during extreme droughts in future.
KEY WORDS: retention potential – headstream area – flood protection – upper Otava River basin – runoff variability – drought – peat bogs hydrological function.
Jungwiertová Lucie:
Barriers of regional development: application of evolution biology concepts. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 105–124 (2008). – The paper tries to explore the socio-economic barriers of new developmental trajectories of regional specialization, innovations or information flows. It is presumed that structures and mechanisms developed originally to support regional specialization or innovations dispersion during the path dependence process operate in a side-effect as socio-economic barriers, in analogy to the evolutionary process of speciation and especially to the concept of reproductive isolation mechanisms. The biological concept of reproductive isolation mechanisms and its way of classification seem to provide some inspiring aspects for identification of socio-economic barriers, their classification and creation of a theoretical framework that is applied to some case studies linked with path dependence process.
KEY WORDS: regional development – evolution biology – barriers – Czechia.
Klimeš Jan:
Use of the deterministic approach for the landslide susceptibility mapping, Vsetínské vrchy Highland, Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 1, pp. 48–60 (2008). – The work is seeking accurate spatial prediction of shallow landslide occurrence on regional scale, through field mapping of present day landslide activity and identifying the most susceptible parts of the study area by the means of the SINMAP susceptibility model. The SINMAP ArcView extension is also used to characterize shallow landslide and to study conditions for their spatial occurrence. The study area lays in the Outer Western Carpathians east of the city of Vsetín and it was subject of an avalanche like occurrence of mostly shallow landslides during the floods caused by heavy rains between the 4th and 8th and between the 17th and 21st of July, 1997.
KEY WORDS: susceptibility mapping – landslides – SINMAP – flysh Carpathians.
Kuldová Silvie:
The image of geography in educational documents: contribution to the debate on the revised text of the International Charter on Geographical Education. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 1, pp. 61–73 (2008). – The aim of the article is a brief presentation of the content of The International Charter on Geographical Education, Revised 2006 Edition, to sketch selected controversial parts of the draft and thus to stimulate a wider debate on this important geographical document in Czechia. The article focuses on the following questions: 1. Which functions and educational aims are put in geography by the revised edition of the Charter and which image of the geographical branch is offered to the society in this way? 2. Whether and how this image is different from the current dominant paradigm in the geographical discipline.
KEY WORDS: geographical education – subject didactics – International Charter on Geographical Education – environmental and development education.
Kundzewicz Zbigniew W., Józefczyk Damian:
Temperature-related climate extremes in the Potsdam observation record. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 4, pp. 372–382 (2008). – This paper examines temperature-related climate extremes in the unique long-term gap-free record at the Secular Meteorological Station in Potsdam. Increasing tendencies in daily minimum temperature in winter and daily maximum temperature in summer, as well as monthly means of daily minimum temperatures in winter months and of daily maximum temperatures in summer months are illustrated. Also the numbers of hot days and of summer days (with maximum daily temperature exceeding 30 °C and 25 °C, respectively) have been increasing. In agreement with warming of winter minimum temperatures, the numbers of frost days (with minimum daily temperature below 0 °C) and of ice days (with maximum daily temperature below 0 °C) have been decreasing. However, low correlation coefficient and huge scatter illustrate strong natural variability, so that the occurrence of extremes departs from the general underlying tendency.
KEY WORDS: climate extremes – climate variability – climate change – temperature – trend.
Langhammer Jakub, Sitař Jan:
Modelling the impact of anthropogenic modifications to river channels on the course of extreme floods. Case study: August 2002 flood, Blanice River basin, Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 237–252 (2008). – This paper presents the results of analysis of the impact of anthropogenic modifications to river channels on the course of floods by means of hydraulic modelling. The study is focused on the quantitative analysis of changes of the flow dynamics in the river bed and in the inundation zone due to river network modifications. The one-dimensional hydraulic model HEC-RAS coupled with GIS is used to simulate the effect of the river channel changes on the course of extreme flood. The analysis is made on the example of the extreme flood in August 2002 on the down course of Blanice River in Czechia. The results of the simulations proved that the common anthropogenic modifications of river channel have only a minimum impact on the overall course of extreme floods. At the local level, weirs and unsuitably dimensioned bridges have a negative impact on the course of floods. The simulations also showed a negative impact of extensive complex modifications of the river bed, performed in the lower course of Blanice River in the first half of the 20th century. However, the overall impact of common types of river channel modifications on peak flows and water levels in the culmination is negligible.
KEY WORDS: floods – modelling – hydrological extremes – floodplain – stream modifications.
Matoušková Milada:
Assessment of the river habitat quality within European Water Framework Directive: Application to different catchments in Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 223–236 (2008). – The paper presents the method of ecomorphological assessment of river habitat quality EcoRivHab, based on field mapping with possible usage of distance data. EcoRivHab is a tool used to assess the state of streams which lays an emphasis on hydromorphological characteristics of channel, ecohydrological state of the riparian belt and flood plain. Definition of the local reference state of the river habitat in the given physiographic region serves as a precondition. Overall ecohydrological state is characterized by five degrees (ES I.–V.), characterizing the state of the watercourse in the context of the EC Water Framework Directive. The goal of this research was to assess the ecohydromorphological state of selected catchments in Czechia, representing varied relief types, and at the same, representing landscape with differing degrees of anthropogenic impact.
KEY WORDS: EcoRivHab – river habitat – ecohydrological principles – ecomorphological assessment – reference state – Czechia.
Marada Miroslav:
Transport and geographic organization of society: Case study of Czechia. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 285–301 (2008). – This article seeks a solution to the mutual association of transport and the complex hierarchy of selected Czech settlements. Evaluation of 144 centres of micro-regional and separately of 12 centres with meso-regional importance was based on public and automobile transport and complex importance indicators. The mutual “closeness” of hierarchies according to the various indicators used was evaluated by a correlation analysis, the level of hierarchization is distinguished with help of rang size rule.
KEY WORDS: hierarchy – public transport – automobile transport – complex importance – settlement centres.
Migoń Piotr:
Main features of geomorphology of the Sudetes re-assessed in the light of digital elevation model. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 4, pp. 400–416 (2008). – The Sudetes as a geomorphological region are distinguished by complicated spatial pattern of high- and low-altitude terrains and variable mean slope gradients across the range. Several conceptual models have been proposed to account for this variability, emphasizing the significance of planation surfaces, intramontane basins, climate-controlled landform generations, or differential uplift and subsidence. An analysis of a digital elevation model and maps derived from the model have allowed for re-assessment of some of those hypotheses and concepts. It confirms that differential tectonics explains best the morphological layout of the Sudetes, but its effects are superimposed on a variety of rock – landform relationships. Neither the model emphasizing the occurrence of tiered levels of relict planation surfaces, nor one assuming the widespread existence of distinctive landforms of tropical morphogenesis find support in the light of region-wide DEM analysis. The general landform pattern of the western part of the Sudetes differs from the one in the eastern part, the difference being the abundance of intramontane basins in the former.
KEY WORDS: mountain geomorphology – DEM – geodynamics – Sudetes.
Riezner Jiří:
“Strip semibocage“landscape character type of the Jeseník area. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 173–182 (2008). – The article deals with landscape character assessment using the example of the Jeseník area (in north-eastern Czechia). Significant landscape features (relief, settlement type, land use, agrarian landforms and their vegetation) were identified and described and their interactions discovered. The landscape character type of the study area, i.e. “strip semibocage”, was identified by combination of significant landscape characteristics. Areas of this landscape character type in the geomorphological unit Jesenická podsoustava subsystem were mapped.
KEY WORDS: landscape character type – significant landscape features – Jeseník area – “strip semibocage“.
Smejkal Miroslav:
Regional development programme: unwanted child or useful helper? – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 1, pp. 34–47 (2008). – This paper focuses on analysis of development programmes of regions in Czechia. In the process of designing the regional development policy the regions specify their development priorities and the ways to implement them. The regional development programmes should mirror this process. The programmes are analysed in 3 steps; (i) the quantitative identification of differences and common attributes in the structure of programmes, (ii) the analysis of quality of programmes by means of a check-list of 22 questions, (iii) the interpretation of results of interviewing officials in charge at Regional Offices. Finally, recommendations for a better quality of programmes and thus for a better setting-up and implementation of regional development policy are proposed.
KEY WORDS: development programmes of regions – analysis of quality of programmes – interviewing officials – Czechia.
Spurná Pavlína:
Geographically weighted regression: method for analysing spatial non-stationarity of geographical phenomenon. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 2, pp. 125–139 (2008). – The article deals with one of the new quantitative method used in geography, geographically weighted regression (GWR). This method is based on the premise that relationships between variables might not be constant across the study area and explores this phenomenon called spatial non-stationarity. Using the GWR technique to study voting behaviour in Czechia in the parliamentary election in 2002, it is evident that there is a significant difference between the linear regression and GWR models. The examples highlight the relevance and usefulness of GWR and show how it can improve geographical research and potentially also our understanding of geographical processes.
KEY WORDS: geographically weighted regression – quantitative methods – spatial analysis – parliamentary elections.
Šefrna Luděk, Previtali Franco, Comolli Roberto, Cantelli Davide, Zdravkovič Mirjana:
Trace elements in soils in the northern and the central Tian-shan (Kazakhstan – Kyrgyzstan). – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 3, pp. 253–268 (2008). – The present paper examines and compares heavy metal contents in soils from two altitudinal sequences in the northern and the central Tian-Shan mountains. The soil horizons of 11 sites were described, sampled, analysed, interpreted and classified. Results show that pedological processes similar to those responsible for the development of steppe chernozems are active even at very high elevations. This is probably in part due to the presence of blankets of aeolian silt deposited recently and in the past.
In order to verify the degree of accumulation and possible ecotoxicity, the distribution and mobility of Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Ni within soil profiles were checked. Relationships among elements and other pedological parameters, such as organic carbon content, pH, texture, etc., were investigated. Lastly, the possible risk of contamination was assessed.
KEY WORDS: trace elements – soils – Tian-Shan – taxonomy.
Wanner Heinz, Bütikofer Jonathan:
Holocene Bond Cycles: real or imaginary? – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 4, pp. 338–350 (2008). – During the Holocene (last 12,000 years) nine cold relapses were observed mainly in the North Atlantic Ocean area and its surroundings. Based on the pioneering studies by Bond et al. (1997, 2001) these events are called Bond Cycles and thought to be the Holocene equivalents of the Pleistocene Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. The first event was the Younger Dryas (~12,000 BP; Broecker 2006), the last one was the Little Ice Age (AD 1350–1860; Grove 1988). A number of trigger mechanisms is discussed (see Table 1), but a theory for the Bond Cycles does not exist. Based on spectral analyses of both, forcing factors and climatological time series, we argue that one single process did likely not cause the Holocene cooling events. It is conceivable that the early Holocene coolings were triggered by meltwater pulses. However, the late Holocene events (e.g., the Little Ice Age) were rather caused by a combination of different trigger mechanisms. In every case it has to be taken in mind that natural variability was also playing a decisive role.
KEY WORDS: Holocene – Bond Cycles – spectral analysis – triggering processes – Little Ice Age
Wernerová Marie:
Perception of attractiveness and image of regional cities in Czechia on the example of university students in České Budějovice and Ústí nad Labem. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 1, pp. 20–33 (2008). – This article deals with perceptions and spatial preferences of people. The main aim is to find out how university students perceive and evaluate attractiveness and image of regional cities of Czechia. The research is based on a questionnaire inquiry made in the cities of České Budějovice and Ústí nad Labem during March and April 2006. Three key thematic fields are examined – work, residential and recreational preferences. The results of the survey are further compared with an objective ranking composed of a group of socio-economic indicators. It was proved that perception of attractiveness is in reality influenced by subjective factors and therefore preference behaviour of students is different from the results of an objective evaluation.
KEY WORDS: spatial preferences – perceptions – attractiveness and image of the city – university students.
Ženka Jan:
Risk of delocalization of manufacturing industry in Czechia: regional aspects. – Geografie–Sborník ČGS, 113, 1, pp. 1–19 (2008). – This paper examines international relocation determinants of Czech manufacturing companies in order to estimate the probability of potential delocalizations. The research is based on statistical evaluation of “internal keep-factors” (particular company features strengthening the location inertia of manufacturing), which are divided into three main groups – capital intensity, complexity of value chain and business sophistication. Keep-factors, represented by six financial indicators, were examined on the company level. The sample covers 692 Czech manufacturing companies (foreign owned) with one hundred or more employees. The main goal is to identify regions threatened by delocalization, which is caused by high-level concentration of “footloose” companies.
KEY WORDS: international relocation – manufacturing – location inertia.